PostgreSQL UNION Operator

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the PostgreSQL UNION operator to combine result sets of multiple queries into a single result set.

Introduction to PostgreSQL UNION operator

The UNION operator allows you to combine the result sets of two or more SELECT statements into a single result set.

Here’s the basic syntax of the UNION operator:

SELECT select_list
FROM A
UNION
SELECT select_list
FROM B;

In this syntax, the queries must conform to the following rules:

The number and the order of the columns in the select list of both queries must be the same.
The data types of the columns in select lists of the queries must be compatible.

The UNION operator removes all duplicate rows from the combined data set. To retain the duplicate rows, you use the UNION ALL instead.

Here’s the syntax of the UNION ALL operator:

SELECT select_list
FROM A
UNION ALL
SELECT select_list
FROM B;

The following Venn diagram illustrates how the UNION works:

PostgreSQL UNION with ORDER BY clause

The UNION and UNION ALL operators may order the rows in the final result set in an unspecified order. For example, it may place rows from the second result set before/after the row from the first result set.

To sort rows in the final result set, you specify the ORDER BY clause after the second query:

SELECT select_list
FROM A
UNION
SELECT select_list
FROM B
ORDER BY sort_expression;

Note that if you use the ORDER BY clause in the first query, PostgreSQL will issue an error.

Setting up sample tables

The following statements create two tables top_rated_films and most_popular_films, and insert data into these tables:

CREATE TABLE top_rated_films(
  title VARCHAR NOT NULL,
  release_year SMALLINT
);

CREATE TABLE most_popular_films(
  title VARCHAR NOT NULL,
  release_year SMALLINT
);

INSERT INTO top_rated_films(title, release_year)
VALUES
   ('The Shawshank Redemption', 1994),
   ('The Godfather', 1972),
   ('The Dark Knight', 2008),
   ('12 Angry Men', 1957);

INSERT INTO most_popular_films(title, release_year)
VALUES
  ('An American Pickle', 2020),
  ('The Godfather', 1972),
  ('The Dark Knight', 2008),
  ('Greyhound', 2020);

The following statement retrieves data from the top_rated_films table:

SELECT * FROM top_rated_films;

Output:

title           | release_year
--------------------------+--------------
 The Shawshank Redemption |         1994
 The Godfather            |         1972
 The Dark Knight          |         2008
 12 Angry Men             |         1957
(4 rows)

The following statement retrieves data from the most_popular_films table:

SELECT * FROM most_popular_films;

Output:

title        | release_year
--------------------+--------------
 An American Pickle |         2020
 The Godfather      |         1972
 The Dark Knight    |         2008
 Greyhound          |         2020
(4 rows)

PostgreSQL UNION examples

Let’s take some examples of using the PostgreSQL UNION operator.

1) Basic PostgreSQL UNION example

The following statement uses the UNION operator to combine data from the queries that retrieve data from the top_rated_films and most_popular_films:

SELECT * FROM top_rated_films
UNION
SELECT * FROM most_popular_films;

Output:

title           | release_year
--------------------------+--------------
 An American Pickle       |         2020
 The Dark Knight          |         2008
 Greyhound                |         2020
 The Shawshank Redemption |         1994
 The Godfather            |         1972
 12 Angry Men             |         1957
(6 rows)

The result set includes six rows because the UNION operator removes two duplicate rows.

2) PostgreSQL UNION ALL example

The following statement uses the UNION ALL operator to combine result sets from queries that retrieve data from top_rated_films and most_popular_films tables:

SELECT * FROM top_rated_films
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM most_popular_films;

Output:

title           | release_year
--------------------------+--------------
 The Shawshank Redemption |         1994
 The Godfather            |         1972
 The Dark Knight          |         2008
 12 Angry Men             |         1957
 An American Pickle       |         2020
 The Godfather            |         1972
 The Dark Knight          |         2008
 Greyhound                |         2020
(8 rows)

The output indicates that the UNION ALL operator retains the duplicate rows.

3) PostgreSQL UNION ALL with ORDER BY clause example

To sort the result returned by the UNION operator, you place the ORDER BY clause after the second query:

SELECT * FROM top_rated_films
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM most_popular_films
ORDER BY title;

Output:

title           | release_year
--------------------------+--------------
 12 Angry Men             |         1957
 An American Pickle       |         2020
 Greyhound                |         2020
 The Dark Knight          |         2008
 The Dark Knight          |         2008
 The Godfather            |         1972
 The Godfather            |         1972
 The Shawshank Redemption |         1994
(8 rows)

Summary

Use the UNION to combine result sets of two queries and return distinct rows.
Use the UNION ALL to combine the result sets of two queries but retain the duplicate rows.